BHAVNAGAR, Gujarat

Main Attraction: Nishkalank Mahadev Koliyak

Koliyak village is located at a distance of about 23 km to the east of Bhavnagar Taluka. A fair called Bhadarvi is held at Koliyak on ShravanVad 15 (Amavasya) in honour of Nishkalank Mahadev whose shrine is installed in the sea about 3 km. east of Koliyak and is attended by about 2000 people. The following temple story dates back to Mahabaratha era. Pandavas killed all the Kuravas and in order to find redemption for their sins, Pandavas met Lord Krishna. Krishna hands over a black Flag and a Black COW. 

He asks the Pandavas to follow it, when both Cow and flag turns white, they all will be pardoned. Krishna also advises them to do penance to lord Shiva, after that. The angst stricken brothers followed the cow and when they arrived at the Koliyak Beach, both cow and the flag color turned to white and then all the 5 brothers sat for deep penance, meditated on lord Shiva.

Lord Shiva impressed by the brothers showed up in lingam form to each brother. In total there were 5 (Swayumbu) lingams that showed up on their own. Lord Shiva here is known as Nishkalan Mahadev. It is said that Pandavas established Nishkalank or Nakalank Mahadev on a Amavasai of the Indian calendar month of Bhadarva.

Brief History

No specific information is available about the early political history of the district, but it seems that the imperial sway of the Mauryan Empire, the probable rule of the Indo-Greek kings like Menander and Apollodotus-II and the long reign of the western Ksatrapas extended to the whole of Saurashtra including this district.

The recent archaeological explorations and trail diggings have brought to light several Harappan sites in the district. Fragments of Harappan pottery have also been discovered at Vallabhipur.

An event recorded in the Jain tradition is associatd with Mahuva in this district. When Yaksadeva III who attained the status of Suri in Vira Samvat 585(i.e., Vikram year 115) was at Mahuva, the Mlechchhas plundered the city and took him capative along with 500 other monks of the creed. But a Mlechchha, who was originally a sravaka, got the Suri released and sent him to khatu. There he was offered eleven boys for diksa, so that the Jain church may survive. From Khatu the suri went to Ahada; where, too, he received some boys for diksa. This event is dated about V.S. 95 (38-39 A.D.)

The cave at Talaja belongs to two or three periods. The chaitra cave and the plain cells belong to pre-Christian period when Buddhist monks first came over to Gujarat (Circa 200 B.C.). The cells and halls which have Jain symbols and advanced types of pillar forms belong to the period of the later Ksatrapas (Circa 200-300 A.D.). Out of the thirty caves which are definitely Buddhistic, the Ebhal Mandapa is an eminent cave. In the façade there are large chaitya windows, with a large band of rail-pattern below them. The stupa in the chaitra cave has its capital attached to the roof.

The region represented by the modern Bhavnagar district rose to prominence when the Maitraka power was established at Valabhi (Vallabhipur) by Senapati Bhatarka, a Maitraka worshipper of Sun-God. The imperial power of the Gupta sovereign began to decline after the death of Skandagupta (467-68 A.D.). Senapati Bhatarka took advantage of the situation and established his own power in Saurashtra. But he abandoned the old capital at Girinagar (Junagadh) and made his choice for the city of Valabhi, which became the capital of the new dynasty (Circa 470 A.D.). He did not assume any royal titles formally but continued to style himself a Senapati.

In the early Christian Era, the famous Maitraka dynasty flourished from 5th to 8th century A.D. at Vallabhipur. Not only was the kingdom prosperous, but the capital was also a great seat of learning. It was an important centre of Buddhism, visited by the Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsiang. After the fall of Vallabhi in the 8th century and subsequent destructions probably owing to earthquakes, the history of the region was not eventful till the rise of Gohil Rajputs in the latter half of the thirteenth century.

Gohil expelled from Ranpur in 1309 A.D. killed Koli Umo after whom Umrala was named. Their capital remained at Umrala till they conquered Sihor, which was then inhabited by Audichya Brahmins. As a result of a dispute among them, one of the sections called Visoji Gohil of Umrala came to their assistance. He defeated the other party and established his capital at Sihor in 1547.

Another branch of the Gohil rule established at Gariadhar later shifted its headquarters to Palitana and ruled there till the integration of Palitana State in Saurashtra State in 1948.

The district of Bhavnagar takes its name from the City of Bhavnagar, the former capital of Bhavnagar State and at present headquarters of the district on the formation of Saurashtra State, it was named Gohilwad district, as the most of the areas comprised therein formed part of what was prior to the independence of the country and after the advent of the British, designated it as Gohilwad prant. This particular region derived the title of Gohilwad as it was ruled by the various branches of Gohil Rajputs who came to Saurashtra from Rajasthan in the latter half of the 13th century, under their leader Jejakji Gohil. The principal branches of the Gohils which occupied this area were (1) Bhavnagar (2) Palitana (3) Vala and (4) Lathi. 

All these emerged as separate States, Bhavnagar being the largest and most progressive among them. This branch first established its capital at Umrala in 1309, shifted it to Sihor in 1547 and to the present site in 1723. Bhavnagar became a progressive State and new capital, the present city of Bhavnagar standing on the village site of Vadwa grew rapidly under its benevolent rulers and sagacious Diwans. Ghogha, once a famous port was under the rule of Rajput kings of Patan and Piram was then ruled by Baria Kolis who were conquered by Mokhadaji Gohil in 1325, but he was later on killed in a battle with Mohammed Taqhlaq, who marched from Delhi to put down his piracy at sea. Ghogha was later restored to the son of Mokhadaji but was brought under Muslim rule by 1505 A.D. and finally passed under the British in 1805. Formerly, a part of Ahmadabad district, it was included after Independence in Amreli district and finally in Bhavnagar district in 1959 after reorganization of districts.

Talaja, the taluka headquarters, it is said to be derived Talaja's name from Talav daitya or demon Taladhwaja. It is famous (i) as a birth place of the renowned Gujarati saint poet Narsinh Mehta, and (ii) for its Buddhist caves. Sartanpur, a minor port of Talaja. A battle was fought here during the regime of Sultan Ahmed II of Gujarat. Some palias (memorial stones) record the deaths of Koli Kanthad and Makwana Jajo, who fell fighting in the battle. Before 1948, the entire Saurashtra peninsula was politically fragmented into bewieldering conglomeration and administratively distributed into 222 States and Estates of various sizes and jurisdiction. The Government of Saurashtra was faced with the task of evolving a unified system of administration in place of the feudal set-up in vogue till then. The administration of the new State was organized on modern lines and the district was made the principal unit of administration. The district at that time consisted of the territories of the former princely States and Thanas of Bhavnagar, Palitana, Vala, Lathi, Raisankali, Jafrabad, Lakhapadar, Dedan and Songadh.

On the reorganization of States under the reorganization Act No. 37 of 1956, the State of Saurashtra of which the district of Gohilwad formed part was merged into the bigger bilingual state of Bombay, which came into existence from 1st November 1956. Large-scale territorial changes took place in 1959, when Amreli district was substantially enlarged by transferring a number of villages from the neighboring district, Bhavnagar or Gohilwad district in particular.

In November 1956, the states were organized under the reorganization of States and the bigger bilingual State of Bombay was formed with the inclusion of territories of Vidarbh, Marathawada, Saurashtra and Kachchh regions. The Bhavnagar district along with the other districts of Ahmadabad Division formed part of the biggest bilingual State.

The small princely states such viz Palitana, Vallabhipur and a few others are a part of the Bhavnagar district of the present day. Upon the behest of Shree Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, when the princely states were asked to get merged into the Union of India, the great king of Bhavnagar state, Shree Krishna Kamalsinghji, was the first king to hand over his kingdom to the Union of India.

BANAS KANTHA, Gujarat

Main Attraction: Ambaji Gabbar

According to the Indian Scriptures Gabbar Tirth, situated on the bank of the origin of the Vedic virgin river SARASWATI, in the hills of Arasur in Ambica forest, towards south-west side to old hills of Arvalli at about 1600 feet high from sea level. Wherever any of the 51 holy parts and ornaments of the dead body of Devi Sati fell on this earth, all such places are known as famous 51 Shakti Pith - the symbol of Supreme centre of cosmic power . Thus Shri Arasuri Ambaji Shakti Pith is one of them where the heart of Devi Sati fell at the top of the Gabbar, as described in scripture "Tantra Chudamani"and it is the original holy place of Mata Ambaji.

Gabbar (or Gabbargadh), a small hillock about four km to the west of Ambaji village, is believed to have been the original seat of the goddess, the site of Krishna's tonsorial ceremony (ritual head-shaving)in presence of his foster parents Nand and Yashodaduring the period of Dwaparyug and the abode of the divine Mahishasur-Mardini.

There are 300 stone steps at the foot of the hill and on the flat top of the hill there is a small niche facing the temple of Ambaji, in which a well-protected lamp is kept constantly burning, and can be seen from the main Ambaji temple at night. There are footprints of the Goddess under a pipal tree, which are worshipped and as per belief Maha Rana Pratap had gifted and dedicated his famous sword to the holy feet of Mata Arasuri Ambaji.

As per Mahabharat, on the Full Moon Day Purnima of the month of Bhadrapad (Bhadarva Mas) Princess Rukshamani had worshiped her Kul- Devi Mata Ambica on the mountain of Gabbar Hill, in order to invite her beloved Lord Krishna and then after wedded with him and had celebrated the well-known Indian Festival of Navratri near the hill for the first time on this earth.

Brief History

Banaskantha is a not just a district of cultural importance but also has got immense historical value. The Banaskantha, as its name denotes, is made up of words namely Banas and Kantha. Banas is the main river flowing through the district and Kantha means the bank of the river i.e the district consists of the territories situated on and around the river Banas. The district comprises the former princely states of Palanpur, Radhanpur (now a part of newly created district of Patan), Tharad,Vav, Danta, Deodar and Thara Jagirs and the old Agency thanas of Varohi, Shihori, Santalpur (now a part of Patan district), Bhabhar and the sub thana of Suigam. Of these, Palanpur and Radhanpur were class I states, whereas Danta was a class II state. Palanpur was one of the oldest states and has a continuous history right from 15th Century till its merger with the Bombay state.

An early history of the district is not available. It is assumed that the district was ruled by the same rulers who ruled over the other parts of Gujarat from time to time. According to some of the inscriptions available, Banaskantha is largely influenced with the prolific ruling of the Chauhans. During the period of Chandragupt Maurya to at least Ashoka Maurya and Samprati, Gujarat was under the rule of Mauryas (272-200B.C.). Thereafter it might have passed under the Indo- Greek kings. The western Kshatrapas ruled over Gujarat for more than 33 years (up to 400A.D.).

Next to the Kshatrapas were the Guptas, who ruled over Gujarat up to 468 A.D. After it, a large portion of Gujarat formed a part of the Maitraka kingdom (up to788 A.D.) of Valabhi. Shortly after the fall of Valabhi in 788 A.D., a new kingdom at Anhilwad Patan (now Patan district) was established by Vanaraj, the son of the Chapotkata (Chavda) king Jayshikharin of Panchsar (Mahesana district). Thakkura Lahara, a commander of Vanaraja, built a temple of Vindhyavasini at Sandathal , which is identified with Santhli in the Radhanpur taluka of this district. Kakara, a place associated with an early advanture of Vanaraja, is represented by modern Kakar in the Kankarej taluka.

King Ahala a descendent of Vanaraja is said to have built temple of agnesvara, and Kantesvari at Karkarapuri which seems to be the same as Kakara. From the available historic evidences and references it is understood that the Banaskantha district was a part of the Chapotkata kingdom up to 942 A.D. The Chapotkata dynasty was succeeded by the Chalukya dynasty in 942 A.D. which lasted upto 1304 A.D. During the 14th century, the entire region experienced a lot of improvement in terms of historical, cultural, agricultural and communal aspects. The area was under the administration of Muslim rulers such as Nawab Shaeb Sher Khan Lohnai and Nawab Sahib Talej Muhammed Khan Lohani, who contributed to the development of the region to a further extent. Marathas replaced Mughals. Lastly it came under the British rule. The British contact with Banaskantha dates from 1809 A.D.

Nawab Shaeb Sher Khan Lohnai developed Palanpur, the headquarters of Banaskantha, immensely in the 19th century. The exports took a big leap with commercial transactions not only among nearby regions but also beyond the state. Banaskantha was seen a major trade center with Palanpur being a prime location during the rule of Nawab Sahib Talej Muhammed Khan Lohani as well during the 20th century.

On the achievement of Independence, all the states and estates (Jagirs), comprising the Banaskantha district were dissolved into the Indian Union and merged in the then Banaskantha district, thus enlarging its existing (at that time) boundaries, forming part of the Bombay state. In November 1956, the states of India were reorganized and the bigger bilingual state of Bombay was formed with Vidarbh, Marathawad, Saurashtraand Kachchh regions.

Lastly, the Bombay state was bifurcated on 1st May 1960 and the separate states of Gujarat and Maharashtra were formed. Since then the Banaskantha district became a part of the Gujarat state.

RAJKOT, Gujarat

Main Attraction: Jalaram Temple

Jalaram Temple is the "Samadhi" (Shrine) of Shri Jalaram Bapa, which is the specialty of Virpur village. The shrine is actually the house complex where Jalaram lived during his lifetime in Virpur.It is a small village about 52 K.M from Rajkot. It is situated on National Highway No.8b. This village had become holy after the birth of Shri Jalaram Bapa. The temple is not been accepting any kind of donation,this is the only kind of temple in the world.

Shree Jalaram Bapa was born in the year 1799 (i.e. 4-11-1799 on 7th day Shukla paksha of the Hindu month of Kartika) in the village Virpur, of Rajkot district. Jalaram Bapa the great social reformer and founder of the Jalaram movement. His mother, Rajbai was very fond of serving sadhus and saints. Shree Jalaram Bapa's father's name was Pradhan Thakkar, who was engaged in business. At the tender age of 16, Jalaram Bapa married Virbai. He is mostly engaged in serving sadhus and saints. He separated himself from his father's business and stayed with his uncle, Valjibhai, who was very fond of Jalaram. There are many stories about the greatness of the saint of Virpur. In 1881 (i.e. 23-2-1881) Jalaram Bapa left his body in his prayers.

The "Samadhi" of Shri Jalaram Bapa is on the feet of God Shri Ram Chandra. Just on the Left side of the Big Gate of the "Dela". The "JHOLI-DANDA" is kept in the transparent Cup-board. The idol of Jalaram Bapa is shown as a smiling man holding danda and wearing often a white paghadi and white dhoti-kurta.The idols of his patron deities Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman are also found along with his idol. There are three GIANT COPPER POTS in the Temple which was given by "GANGA MAIYA" filled with the "PAVITRA JAL" of Ganga, yamuna and sarawati rivers. The water from these pots never gets empty. Moreover no one had suffered from any disease after drinking this "JAL". There is also a pair of large wheels for grinding the wheat in the Temple given by the king of the Dhrangdhra to Shri Jalaram Bapa.But the main attraction is the portrait of Jalaram Bapa. There is also an actual black and white photo of Jalaram Bapa, taken one year before his death.

In this temple two times free PRASAD and TEA provided to the thousands of visitor who come for the Darshan of Shri Jalaram Bapa. On Jalaram Bapa's birthday which is celebrated as Jalaram Jayanti, devotees are served meal as prasad. There is a huge fair and festival at Virpur. Here in the "DARBAR OF GOD" everyone "CROREPATI" or "ROADPATI" is consider same and they are offered "PRASAD" and they all sit in a same row. The "PRASAD" consist of "GANTHIA","BUNDI" and "SABJI" in morning and "KHICHADI-KADHI" and "DESHI GHEE" in evening in a traditional dish of Leaves. All visitors take this PRASAD happily.

Brief History

History of Rajkot is about 400 year old. This region has seen Ghaznavid Empire ruled by Mohammad Ghaznavi and Muzaffarid dynasty ruled by Mahmud Begada before Jadeja settlement. Jadeja of Nawanagar lost the battle of Bhuchar Mori in 1590 AD against Mughal Empire. Thakore Sahib Vibhoji Ajoji Jadeja was sent to Delhi as prisoner after the death of his father at the battle. He was placed under the guardianship of Jodhaji Soda, who was his maternal uncle from one of Akbar's wives. He joined the Imperial forces and supported Shah Jahan in expelling the Vaghelas from Sardhar. Then after, He married the daughter of the Vaghela chief and made Sardhar his capital. He received Ardoi, Rib, Ribda and Kalipat, which he converted into a separate principality for his services to the Emperor. His son continued in the Imperial service, receiving further lands in reward. Rajkot was named after Raju Sandhi in 1620, who was co-founder of princely state of Rajkot with grandson of Jam Shri Satarsal (Sataji) Vibhaji Jadeja of Nawanagar Thakore Sahib Vibhoji Ajoji Jadeja. Thus he is known as founder of Rajkot. In 1635, his son Meramanji succeeded his father and in 1640, Meramanji joined the Mughal subedar Azam Khan in his campaign against the Kathis. Bamanioji son of Shahibji succeeded his father in 1675, held firm to the Mughal alliance.In 1694; he was killed in an encounter with raiding Mianas and was succeeded by his son Meramaji II.

After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 A.D. The Mogul hold on Gujarat and Saurashtra Peninsula was slackening. The Viceroys of Gujarat were more preoccupied with the main land than the Peninsula. During the resultant chaos, the Thanadars became more powerful and independent Kathis occupied Jasdan and Jetpur and the states of Gondal, Virpur, Jetpur, Rajkot, Wankaner, Morvi, Maliya and Kotda Sangani came into existence.

Thakore Sahib Bamanioji Sahibji and his son Thakore Sahib Mehramanji II Bamanio seized Rajkot and a number of villages from the Nawab of Junagadh and consolidated their control over Rajkot and its surrounding villages until 1720. Masum Khan, a deputy Faujdar of Junagadh's Nawab, conquered Rajkot in 1720 and renamed it Masumabad. Masum Khan ruled for 12 years until he was conquered by Thakore Sahib Ranmalji Mehramanji in 1732, and the name was restored to Rajkot. Thakore Ranmalji's son and successor, Lakhoji I, succeeded him in 1746. But he soon tierd and retierd to Nawanagar where he died in 1796. Thereafter, the family reigned uneventfully, accepted British protection in 1818, and quietly developed their little state. The capital became the headquarters of the British Political Agent, and soon developed into a modern town.

In the year of 1822 the British rule established an agency and kept its name Kathiawad agency. The present Kothi area which houses the customs and railway offices used to house the officials of that British agency during that period. During various changes there was a change in the leadership and again the whole area belonged to the agency which is at present the Sadar area.

In 1874 Thakore Bavajiraj Jadeja. Bavajiraj was invested with ruling powers. Rajkot was linked with Wankaner through railways in the year 1889. In 1893 rail link was established between Rajkot and Jetalsar. During that time mostly meter gauge trains were used and which formed the main lifeline of the transport within the areas.

Due to meet the water needs of the Rajkot city which is built on the shore of the river Aaji a new lake called Lalpari was established in the year of 1895.In 1921 the political leadership of the Kathiawad first met in Rajkot. And during this time Lakhaji Raj represented the first meet and established the first settlement of the political leadership in the area. In 1925 Mahatma Gandhi for the first time visited the city and thereby established the first educational activities. Today it is a well established centre for rural industries.

In 1937 Vadhera started a wide agitation again the atrocities of Diwan Viravada and thereby started the first satyagrah. And this was finally resolved by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. This resolution was finally let down at a later stage and with this development Mahatma Gandhi started the hunger strike to denounce this move. 1942 quit India movement was also a major contributor for Rajkot to become a major hub for the developments as well.

Bavajiraj Jadeja was succeeded by his son, Sir Lakhajiraj Jadeja, the most prominent ruler amongst the Jadeja rulers to that time. Dharmendrasinhji Jadeja, succeeded his father, Sir Lakhajiraj, but died while hunting of Lion in Sasan Gir and was succeeded by his brother Pradyumansinhji Jadeja in 1940. Rajkot was merged into Republic of India during Pradumansinh Jadeja's reign.

The British East India Company further founded the Saurashtra agency in Rajkot to moderate all princely states. The regional headquarters and residency of British East India Company was at Kothi Compound in the city. The British constructed numerous impressive colonial buildings and educational institutions, such as Connaught Hall and The Rajkumar College in Rajkot.

On the eve of the establishment of the united states of Saurashtra in 1948, there were as many as 222 big and small states, principalities and estates in a total geographical 20,681Sq. Miles covered by the Saurashtra peninsula.It was a picture of political fragmentation, which can have few parallels in history. Fortunately, thanks to the farsighted statesmanship and great personal prestige of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and to the admirable spirit of patriotism and understanding displayed by the leading rulers, integration by merger became an accomplished fact in the short span of not more than a year. It was nothing less than a great revolution silent and unobtrusive but nonetheless momentous on that account contributing to the shaping of free India’s destiny.

With the formation of the united states of Saurashtra in 1948, various states and principalities which were integrated into the new state and redistributed into five administrative districts of which Madhya Saurashtra now Rajkot comprised the area of the former princely states of Gondal, Jetpur, Wankaner, Rajkot, Maliya, KotdaSangani and other continuous talukas and principalities. Atkot, Paddhari and Jamkandorna Mahals of the former Navanagar State were subsequently added to it while three enclave villages were transferred to Amreli district of the Bombay State.

The state merged with its neighbours to form the United State of Saurashtra in February, 1948 and then after Rajkot became the capital of the State of Saurashtra headed by U. N. Dhebar as chief Minister and Jam Saheb of Navanagar as Raj Pramukh in 1948.

A bigger bilingual Bombay State comprising all Gujarati speaking area and all Marathi speaking areas was formed in 1956 and Saurashtra became a component of that State. Four years later, in 1960 the bilingual Bombay State was bifurcated by parliamentary enactment and two separate unilingual States of Gujarat and Maharashtra came into existence. Saurashtra naturally continues to be an integral part of Gujarat State.Rajkot was merged into the newly-created Gujarat State when it was separated from the bilingual Bombay State on May 1, 1960. The city of Rajkot, which is the district head quarter has because of its central location also because of its being the center of the political power and influence, maintained its importance over the past 100 years. As the capital of Rajkot State and Seat of the Crown representative during the British regime, as the capital of the established Saurashtra State from 1948 to 1956 and as the Headquarters of the Divisional Commissioner and Divisional Superintendent (Railway). Thereafter, the city has continuously maintained its importance and has considerably grown in size over these years.

By the end of 20th century, Rajkot emerged as a premier town and has a central location in the region being a part of Gujarat State. Its importance as a capital is attributed to geographical location, its cultural heritage and the development potential possessed by the city. The present level of development of the city is outcome of the process of progressive development going on since decades. It will be useful to recall the historical background of the city enjoying a position of importance in the field of Trade, Industry, Education, Transportation, Communication, Entertainment and urbanization.

VADODARA, Gujarat

Main Attraction: Pratapvilas palace

This palace was built in 1914 A.D. and is designed in Renaissance architecture. The entrance is adorned by exquisite carvings and the palace is noted for its architectural grandeur highlighted with columns and arches. Carvings of creepers, flowers, leaves, birds and animals on the columns make the palace lively. It has columns and arches drawn from South India, Central India, North India and Islamic tradition. It is a flamboyant building, designed in Indo-Sarcenic style.

The palace now houses the Railway Staff College also Known as 'The National Academy of Indian Railways' or 'Bharatiya Rail Rashtriya Akademy' (in Hindi). This is the main training ground of Indian Railways. A mini railway model can be seen inside the palace.

Pratap Vilas Palace, located near Lal Baug, was named after the last ruler of Baroda State. It was designed by Charles F. Stevens, son of F.W. Stevens, a British Architect. The Palace complex has an area of around 55 acres with well laid out gardens and large number of trees. Maharaja Sayajirao built this Palace for his eldest son Fatehsingh rao. Its construction was started on 15th February 1908. This is same year when last ruler of Baroda State, Pratapsingh rao was born and his father Fatehsingh rao died.

Brief History

Vadodara city is the administrative headquarter of the Vadodara district in Gujarat. It is often termed as Baroda and is the industrial capital of the state. The city stands on the bank of River Vishwamitri, flanked by a number of graceful buildings like palaces, parks, temples and museums. The cultural galore of Vadodara impels visitorsto historic city. In the ancient time, it served as the capital city of Gaekwads, the former rulers of Vadodara.

The district derivesits name from its head-quarters city Vadodara. The ancient town of Vadodara was once called „Chandanvati‟ after thename of Raja Chandan ofthe Dor tribe of Rajputs who wrested it from the jains. The name of Chandanvati or the „City of Sandalwood‟ was afterwards changed to Viravati or the „Abode of Warriors‟ and then again to Vatpatra or „Leaf of the Vad tree‟. One belief is that the flourishing Ankottaka (Modern Akota) developed one of its suburbs on the left bank of the Vishvamitri where Banyan (Vad) trees were in existence. Thus, suburb was, therefore appropriately known as the suburb near the „Banyan Tree‟ that is Vadapatraka meaning 'a village amidst the banyan trees'. Thus, it can be said that the present name of the district, viz. Vadodara is derived from Vadapatraka of the ancient period. Ancient Vadapadraka was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty in the 10th century, followed by the Solankis, the Vaghelas, and then the Sultans of Delhi and Gujarat. In 1674 the Maratha Empire declared war on the Mughal Empire, and defeated them in central and eastern Gujarat in mid-18th century.

Their representatives and ruling dynasty in Gujarat, the Gaekwads (meaning “protector of cows”), after having instigated the adivasi Bhils and Kolis to attack the Mughals, occupied Vadodara as their capital. In the early 19th century, after the Anglo-Maratha war, the British had control of much of Gujarat. Meanwhile, the Gaekwads had come into conflict with the Peshwas, the Marathas of Pune. The Gaekwads signed a special treaty with the British for protection from the Peshwas, and to give Baroda a degree of self-rule. The Gaekwad ruler was high in the pecking order under British rule, and was one of only 5 rulers to receive a 21-gun salute. Baroda was thus one of the few places to remain autonomous until Independence, and like Hyderabad and Mysore, one senses that it retains a flavor of the former princely Gaekwad state and never fully integrated into the central administration.

The Marathas invaded Gujarat in A.D. 1705 and took the advantage of the confusion that ensued after the death of Moghul Emperor Aurangzeb in A.D. 1707. Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath advanced on the viceroy of Gujarat Khaderao Dabhade, Maratha Senapati, at the outset intended to acquire from the Moguls the right to levy the tribute and the Chauhan and Sardeshmukhi. They obtained many sanands to levy tributes from Emperor Muhammad Shah at Delhi. From this time, their right to levy tribute in Gujarat was confirmed. Shortly after A.D. 1720, the Senapati received authority from the Raja of Satara to realize the dues established by usage from Gujarat and Belgam. One of his officers named Damaji Gaekwad, who had shown much gallantry in the battle, received from the Shahu Raja of Satara the title of Samsher Bahadur (illustrious Swordsman). On Damaji‟s death which occurred in A.D. 1721, his place of Lieutenant to Senapati was filled by his nephew Pilaji, the son of Jhingoji Gaekwad. Later Pilaji was given by the Peshwa the title of Senakhas Khel (Commander of the Special Band). The military power of Maratha forced Sarbulandkhan, the Mogul Viceroy at Ahmadabad to reorganize their right of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi in Gujarat. Pilaji Gaekwad then founded the House of Gaekwad at Baroda between 1721 and 1732 which existed as a separate princely State till it merged in Bombay State in 1949.

The Chhota Udaipur and Baria Chiefs belong to the Khichi Chohan clan of Rajputs, whose Chief Anal is said to have been created by Vashishtha Muni out of the Agni Kund on Mount Abu. According to the bardic accounts, a descendent of Patai Rawal alias Jaysinh the last Chohan Raja of Champaner established a small kingdom at Mohan or Alimohan on the banks of the river Narmada. In course of time during the decay of Mogul power in the early part of the 18th century, the capital was moved 20 miles north to Chhota Udaipur on the banks of the river. Baji Rawal is said to have founded Chhota Udaipur. It continued to remain a separate State till it was merged in Bombay province in 1949.

Among the Gaekwads, ruler Maharaja Sayajirao III, reigning 1875-1939, is credited with the most significant development of the city and bold socioeconomic reforms. He brought in changes to textile and other manufacturing processes that moved Baroda towards the booming industrial center it is now. He introduced compulsory primary education, even for girls, which was rare in India then, and organized schools for oppressed classes, tribals, and Muslims, also progressive moves for his time. He was a promoter of adult education, setting up a network of libraries that are still thriving, and are appreciated as a legacy from the Gaekwad rule. He was also a leader among other Indian kings in his patronage of the arts, in a time when the British largely ignored the local arts, judging them with a biased eye as inferior.

The Maharajah of Baroda, Sir Sayajirao Gaekwad III, became one of most important rulers of the state, founding numerous institutions, including the Bank of Baroda on 20 July 1908. The bank, along with 13 other major commercial banks of India, was nationalized on 19 July 1969, by the Government of India; it is today the third largest bank of India. The district comprises part of Baroda district of the former Baroda State and former native States of (1) Chhota Udaipur (2) SankhedaMewas (3) PanduMewas (4) Bhadarva. Baroda was the capital of Baroda State and is situated at the bifurcation point of Bombay-Delhi and Bombay-Ahmedabad section of Western Railway.

Sankheda Mehwas estates-some of the consisting of one or two villages and with proprietors little more than husbandmen, were under seven groups, viz. the Chohan group, the Rathod group, the Gori group, the Dhima group, the Chavda group, the Solanki group, the Padhiar group and the parmar group. All these estate have been merged with the Bombay province after Independent and now from part of Baroda district. The PanduMewas estates formed five groups the chiefs of which were Rajputs, Barias of mixed Koli and Rajput decent Kolis, Patidars and Mahomedans. All these groups of estates were merged with Bombay state in 1949 and included in Baroda district.

Before the merger of Vadodara in Bombay State, there were nine Mahals and two peta Mahals in the district. After the merger, Petlad Mahal and Bhadranpeta Mahal were incorporated in the Kheda district, but the areas of Chhota Udaipur, Sankheda and Pandumehvas were merged with the Vadodara district and thus it was reconstituted to include talukas of Vadodara, Padra, Karjan, Dabhoi, Sankheda, Jabugam, Chhota Udaipur, Nasvadi, Savli, and Waghodia and a Mahal of Sinor.

In November 1956, the States were reorganized and the bigger bilingual State of Bombay was formed with Vadodara, Marathwada, Saurashtra and Kachchh regions and Vadodara district became a part of the bigger bilingual State. Lastly, the bigger bilingual Bombay State was bifurcated 1st May 1960 and separate States of Gujarat and Maharashtra were formed. Since the date, the Vadodara district became part of the Gujarat State.

SURAT, Gujarat

Main Attraction: SURAT CASTLE

In 1540, Sultan Mahmud III had this castle built with extra strength for protection against Portugese raids. The castle contains huge towers which are round in shape with a height of 12.2 meter. The walls of the tower are very wide with approximately 4.1 meter width. In order to ensure high strength for the building, the component units were fastened together using iron strips. The various joints around the caste were filled using melted lead to provide additional strength to sustain terrific attacks by the enemies. The most striking attraction of the castle is the gateway which opens towards the east direction and contained several projecting spikes on its door to stop the entrance of enemies. The castle was also provided with a moat which was connected to the river and the moat always had water in it. The access to the castle was through a drawbridge which could be closed when required thus restricting the enemies from getting access to the castle.

As per the historical evidences, Surat city has never been attacked by Portuguese after the construction of the Castle. The castle is presently a prime location for various government offices.

Brief History

The intervening region of Gujarat, including the present Surat District must have been under the Mauryas at the time of Ashoka (B.C. 273-236). As Ashoka is not credited with any conquests in Western India, it is likely that the whole of the Surat district, along with other parts of Gujarat might have been conquered by Chandragupta Maurya. This is corroborated by the inscription of Rudradaman at Girnar. The Mauryan power established by Chandragupta continued atleast up to the death of Ashoka. The history after Ashoka period is confused and it is difficult to find out the successors of Maurya till the Muslims finally conquered Gujarat in 1299 A.D. The settlement of Parsis at Sanjan also took place during this period. According to a poetic account known as Kissehi Sanjan, the Parsis who had left Persia came to Diu and stayed there for nineteen years. They again landed near Sanjan in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Jadirana, apparently a Yadav chief of South Gujarat, gave the permission to settle there on their agreeing to learn the language of the country, to make their women dress like Hindu women, to cease to wear arms and to hold their marriages at night. Surat, the headquarters of Surat district is believed to have been founded by Gopi, a Nagar Brahmin who rose to be the Prime Minister in the Sultanate of Gujarat under Mahmud I and Muzzffer II.

The castle of Surat was built in 1546 during the reign of Sultan Mahmud III to protect the city from the onslaught of the Portugese who had plundered it thrice before. Surat then fell into the hands of Emperor Akbar in 1573. The district and the city of Surat in particular enjoyed peace during the reign of Mogul emperors, viz. Akbar, Jahangir and Shahjahan for the next eighty five years, Surat which rose to be one of the first cities of India during the reign of Shahjahan; and though seized twice by Shivaji during the reign of Aurangzeb, the morale of its traders as well as its trade remained unaffected. Surat had its mint and coins which were current in South Gujarat till 1688. The British opened their factory at Surat in 1613 and the Dutch in 1620. After the death of Aurangzeb, it suffered from increasing disorders and the Governors of Surat were Subject to the court of Delhi in name only. The French also had established a factory at Surat in 1719 but with the ascendant of the English at Surat and their victories over the French in Southern India, deprived the factory of its importance in the history of Surat. Governor Sorabkhan ultimately styled himself as the Nawab of Surat in 1725 and became independent. Surat was then ruled by independent Governors till the English captured the city. The Governors of Surat who were then appointed by the English held to some extent a position of nominal indepedence till 1800 when the whole administration was taken over by the English.

During 1772, Surat was considered as one of the greatest emporiums of trade in India after which it had a time of decline in its fortunes as its foreign trade had practically been transferred to Bombay. After the British, the masters of the district, a Muslim named Abdul Rehman tried to break public peace in 1810 but he was successfully curbed down by the Britishers. They had to face the opposition of the people thrice, when they tried to introduce in the district the duty on salt in 1884, Bengal Standard Weights and Measures in 1848 and income tax in 1860. The people of Surat again protested when the Licence tax was introduced in 1878 and a riot had eventually broken out on the occasion. The district had formed a part of the Bombay Presidency and was administered as such till 1947. Surat had also suffered from a very severe flood in 1883 and a great fire in 1889. The Hope Bridge across the Tapi was also constructed in 1877 at a cost of Rs. 8.13 lakhs. The holdings of historic 23rd session of the Indian National Congress in Surat in 1907, the Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, the momentous Dandi March undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 are the landmarks in the history of the district. After the Independence, the territories of Dharampur and Bansada States and the Navsari prant of the former Baroda State were amalgamated with it to form the Surat district of the Bombay State.

In November 1956, the States were reorganized and the bigger bilingual State of Bombay was formed with Vidarbha, Marathawada, Saurashtra and Kachchh regions. The Surat district along with the other districts of Ahmadabad Division formed part of the bigger bilingual State. Lastly, the Bombay State was bifurcated on 1st May 1960 and separate States of Gujarat and Maharashtra were formed. Since that date, the Surat district became a part of the Gujarat State.

AHMADABAD, Gujarat

Main Attraction: SCIENCE CITY

Gujarat Science City is a bold initiative of the Government of Gujarat to realize this priority. The Government is creating a sprawling center at Ahmedabad which aims to provide a perfect blend of education and entertainment. An important objective of the Science City is to propagate the knowledge of science and to make it people-friendly. It will showcase contemporary and imaginative exhibits, minds on experiences, working models, virtual reality, activity corners, labs and live demonstrations to provide an understanding of science and technology to the common man.

The major attractions of science city are Hall of Science, Planet Earth, IMAX 3D Theatre, Energy Education Park, Life Science Park, Musical Dancing Fountain, Amphitheatre and Simulator. It also houses various entertainment zones within the campus to learn while having fun. It has varied displays, laboratories, activity corners and live demonstrations that allow you to enhance your knowledge in an innovative way.

Brief History:

The district of Ahmadabad derives its name from its headquarters city „Ahmadabad ‟. The Mirat-I- Ahmadi states that it was on the 27th February, 1411 A.D. that Ahmad Shah on the advice of his spiritual Adviser Saint Shaikh Ahmad Khattu of Sarkhej laid the foundation of Ahmadabad in an open and spacious area in the immediate vicinity of the old towns of Asawal and Karnavati and to the east of the Sabarmati River.

According to another version of foundation of Ahmadabad was laid by 4 pious Ahmads, viz., Sultan Ahmad Shah himself ; Saint Shaikh Ahmad Khattu of Sarkhej, Kaji Ahmad Jud of Patan and Malik Ahmad, who used to observe Namaz five times every day. In addition to them twelve Bava- Fakirs also blessed the establishment of Ahmedabad city. It is said that they all were the followers of Saint Nizamuddin Chisti of Delhi.

Karnadeva I (1064-1094 A.D.) invaded Asapalli situated on the bank of Sabarmati River, vanquished the Bhil Chief of the town and founded Karnavati in its victinity. Asapalli and Karnavati were both situated near the site of Ahmadabad founded later in 1411 A.D. Asapalli lay on the South of present Ahmadabad. While Karnavati was situated to its South, round about Kocharab near Paldi. No remains of Asapalli have come to light. No data are available to trace its antiquity prior to 11th century. According to the Jain tradition king Karnadeva passed the last year of his reign at this new town founded by him.

The present Ahmadabad district formed part of Anarta region, which was lying between Arbuda Mountain and the Sabarmati River. It is also referred to the Nagarkhand of Skands Puran and in the 6th Uttarkhand of Padma Puran. The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman has referred to this region as Svabhra i.e. the region roundabout the river Sabaramati. The author of Haft Iqlim writes in 1593 A.D. “Ahmadabad is unique in the whole of India in matter of neatness and flourishing condition, and it is superior to other cities in the excellence of its monuments. It would be no exaggeration to say that in the whole world there exists no town so grand and beautiful. Its streets are spacious and well arranged, unlike those in other towns, its shops with two or three storey‟s each are finely built and its inhabitants both men and women are graceful and delicate”.

Since the beginning of the Christian era even up to the present time the inhabitants of Gujarat have shown the best business acumen and enterprise of all the races of India. Before the beginning of the sixteenth century the silk, gold and silver brocades, kinkhab, jari, and kasab embroidery and cotton textiles of Ahmadabad were in demand in every eastern market from Cairo to Peking.

In the time of Muzaffar III the independent Sultanate of Gujarat came to an end, the condition of the province being chaotic. Akbar started on the Gujarat expedition and conquered it in 1573. During Mogul reign, Ahmadabad saw considerable prosperity. The rulers after the death of Aurangzeb were weak and the Mogul Viceroys were busy fighting amongst themselves and with the Marathas which resulted in disorder in the country. During the reign of the Marathas in the eighteenth century, Ahmadabad to all purposes was divided half into the hands of the Peshwas and the other half into the hands of the Gaekwad but the Peshwas carried greater jurisdiction. There was one representative in Ahmadabad on behalf of the Gaekwad. But the Peshwa also nominated his Suba in the city. During the rule of 64 years of the Marathas, the condition of Ahmadabad went from bad to worse and there was great disorder in the city. After a great deal of struggle and fighting between Peshwa and Gaekwad, the British finally took over Ahmadabad in 1817.

Ahmadabad played an important role in the movement for national independence. After his return from South Africa in 1915, Mahatma Gandhiji selected Ahmadabad for his stay in India and established the Sabarmati Harijan Ashram from where various stages of the national movement were directed and the famous Dandi March for the Salt Satyagrah with a band of chosen Satyagrahis undertaken in 1930.

In November, 1956, the States were recognised and the bigger bilingual State of Bombay was formed with Vidarbha, Maratha Wada, Saurashtra and Kachchh regions. The Ahmadabad division formed part of the bigger bilingual Bombay State.

Lastly, the Bombay State was bifurcated on 1st May 1960 and separate States of Gujarat and Maharashtra were formed. Since that date the Ahmadabad district became a part of Gujarat. The district headquarters was also the State capital from May 1960 to May 1970, before it was shifted to the new township at Gandhinagar.